The Sakadagāmī (Once-returner) represents the second stage of enlightenment in the Theravāda Buddhist tradition. This profound transformation follows the attainment of Sotāpanna (Stream-enterer) and emerges from a deepening awareness of kamma (the law of cause and effect).
The Foundation: Understanding Sotāpanna
The journey begins with the Sotāpanna’s awakening to three fundamental truths:
- The absence of an enduring self (anattā) – recognizing that what we consider personality is merely conditioned behavior
- The nature of true moral virtue (sīla) – understanding that goodness must be intrinsic rather than merely performative
- The existence of liberation (dukkha nirodha) – accepting that there is a path beyond suffering, requiring faith (saddhā) in the Buddha’s teachings
With this initial awakening comes the emergence of the “dharma eye” (dhammacakkhu), a transformative perspective arising from a momentary transcendental awareness. Though brief, this experience fundamentally alters one’s moral compass, making acts of hatred impossible.
The Transformative Journey
Initial Challenges
The early period following Stream-entry often brings significant challenges. While traditional texts speak of enlightenment within seven lifetimes, the immediate experience can be disorienting. The radical shift in values and perspective often leads to a period of adjustment, sometimes accompanied by confusion or depression.
The Critical Choice
As Sotāpannas progress, they face a profound decision between maintaining conventional existence and pursuing deeper spiritual development. This choice marks the beginning of the path toward Sakadagāmī attainment.
The Sakadagāmī State
Definition and Significance
The term Sakadagāmī literally means “once-returner,” indicating one who will achieve full enlightenment either in this life or after one more human existence. This stage represents a decisive commitment to spiritual awakening as life’s primary purpose.
Spiritual Progress
At this stage, the practitioner has:
- Completely eliminated the first three fetters (self-view, doubt, and ritual attachment)
- Significantly weakened sensual desire and ill-will
- Developed deeper insight into emptiness (suññatā), impermanence (anicca), and suffering (dukkha)
Practical Manifestations
Behavioral Changes
The Sakadagāmī exhibits:
- Diminished reactions to sensual temptations
- Reduced expressions of anger and ill-will
- Natural inclination toward wholesome actions
- Growing awareness of karmic consequences
Social Impact
These practitioners naturally:
- Promote harmony in their interactions
- Act as peaceful influences in their communities
- Demonstrate increasing wisdom and compassion
- Serve as examples of spiritual transformation
The Continuing Journey
The Sakadagāmī’s path represents a crucial phase in Buddhist spiritual development. Their growing detachment and intuitive understanding of kamma naturally lead to more peaceful and harmonious living. While still experiencing subtle forms of desire and aversion, their commitment to the path remains unwavering.
This stage demonstrates the practical possibility of profound spiritual transformation. The Sakadagāmī’s journey illustrates how dedicated practice and insight can progressively free one from the bonds of conditioned existence, moving steadily toward complete liberation.
Their example serves as inspiration, showing how spiritual commitment combined with deep insight can transform not only individual consciousness but also contribute to the welfare of all beings. The Sakadagāmī embodies the balance between continued spiritual practice and engagement with the world, demonstrating that progress toward enlightenment enhances rather than diminishes one’s capacity to benefit others.
Further Reading
Online Resources
- Four Stages of Enlightenment (Wikipedia) [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_stages_of_enlightenment]
- Sakadagāmī (Wikipedia) [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakadagami]
Video Resources
- Ajahn Punnadhammo’s YouTube Channel: Teachings on Buddhist Practice and Theory
- Buddhist Society of Western Australia: Talks on Stream Entry and Progressive Stages
Recommended Books
- “The Noble Eightfold Path” by Bhikkhu Bodhi
- “The Path of Purification” (Visuddhimagga) by Buddhaghosa
- “In the Buddha’s Words” by Bhikkhu Bodhi
- “The Island: An Anthology of the Buddha’s Teachings on Nibbāna” by Ajahn Pasanno and Ajahn Amaro